Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance

Juan-Camilo Chacón-Duque, Kaustubh Adhikari, Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, Victor Acuña-Alonzo, Rodrigo Barquera, Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez, Jorge Gómez-Valdés, Paola Everardo Martínez, Hugo Villamil-Ramírez, Tábita Hünemeier, Virginia Ramallo, Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira, Malena Hurtado, Valeria Villegas, Vanessa Granja, Mercedes Villena, René Vásquez, Elena Llop, José R. Sandoval, Alberto A. Salazar-Granara, Maria-Laura Parolin, Karla Sandoval, Rosenda I. Peñaloza-Espinosa, Hector Rangel-Villalobos, Cheryl A. Winkler, William Klitz, Claudio Bravi, Julio Molina, Daniel Corach, Ramiro Barrantes, Verónica Gomes, Carlos Resende, Leonor Gusmão, Antonio Amorim, Yali Xue, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Pedro Moral, Rolando González-José, Lavinia Schuler-Faccini, Francisco M. Salzano, Maria-Cátira Bortolini, Samuel Canizales-Quinteros, Giovanni Poletti, Carla Gallo, Gabriel Bedoya, Francisco Rothhammer, David Balding, Garrett Hellenthal () and Andrés Ruiz-Linares ()
Additional contact information
Juan-Camilo Chacón-Duque: University College London
Kaustubh Adhikari: University College London
Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo: University College London
Javier Mendoza-Revilla: University College London
Victor Acuña-Alonzo: University College London
Rodrigo Barquera: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia
Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Jorge Gómez-Valdés: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia
Paola Everardo Martínez: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Hugo Villamil-Ramírez: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica
Tábita Hünemeier: Universidade de São Paulo
Virginia Ramallo: Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET
Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Malena Hurtado: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Valeria Villegas: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Vanessa Granja: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Mercedes Villena: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA)
René Vásquez: Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías
Elena Llop: Universidad de Chile
José R. Sandoval: Universidad de San Martín de Porres
Alberto A. Salazar-Granara: Universidad de San Martín de Porres
Maria-Laura Parolin: Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET
Karla Sandoval: National Laboratory of Genomics and Biodiversity (LANGEBIO), CINVESTAV
Rosenda I. Peñaloza-Espinosa: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco
Hector Rangel-Villalobos: Universidad de Guadalajara
Cheryl A. Winkler: Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory
William Klitz: University of California
Claudio Bravi: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, CONICET
Julio Molina: Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala
Daniel Corach: Universidad de Buenos Aires
Ramiro Barrantes: Universidad de Costa Rica
Verónica Gomes: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP)
Carlos Resende: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP)
Leonor Gusmão: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP)
Antonio Amorim: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP)
Yali Xue: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Jean-Michel Dugoujon: Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier
Pedro Moral: Universitat de Barcelona
Rolando González-José: Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET
Lavinia Schuler-Faccini: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Francisco M. Salzano: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Maria-Cátira Bortolini: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Samuel Canizales-Quinteros: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica
Giovanni Poletti: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Carla Gallo: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Gabriel Bedoya: Universidad de Antioquia
Francisco Rothhammer: Universidad de Chile
David Balding: University College London
Garrett Hellenthal: University College London
Andrés Ruiz-Linares: Fudan University

Nature Communications, 2018, vol. 9, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the intermixing (admixture) of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Using novel haplotype-based methods, here we infer sub-continental ancestry in over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of regional ancestry variation on physical appearance. We find that Native American ancestry components in Latin Americans correspond geographically to the present-day genetic structure of Native groups, and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming mostly from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that ancestry related to highland (Central Andean) versus lowland (Mapuche) Natives is associated with variation in facial features, particularly nose morphology, and detect significant differences in allele frequencies between these groups at loci previously associated with nose morphology in this sample.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07748-z

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