Solution-processed kesterite solar module with 10.1% certified efficiency

Chunxu Xiang, Mingjun Yuan, Chuan’an Ding, Yuanyuan Zheng, Yize Li, Xiaole Hu, Jie Zhang, Xinyu Li, Chengfeng Ma, Shaoying Wang (), Weibo Yan, Chunlei Yang, Wei Huang () and Hao Xin ()
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Chunxu Xiang: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Mingjun Yuan: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Chuan’an Ding: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Yuanyuan Zheng: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Yize Li: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Xiaole Hu: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Photonics Information and Energy Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
Jie Zhang: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Photonics Information and Energy Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
Xinyu Li: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Chengfeng Ma: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Shaoying Wang: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Weibo Yan: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Chunlei Yang: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Photonics Information and Energy Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
Wei Huang: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials
Hao Xin: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials

Nature Energy, 2025, vol. 10, issue 11, 1315-1322

Abstract: Abstract Solution processing has great advantages for emerging thin-film solar cells but remains a big challenge for multielemental inorganic films due to complicated phase evolution and grain growth during crystallization. Here we report the fabrication of uniform, large-area Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) films and solar modules from solution. By tuning the thiourea/metal ratio to increase film porosity—thereby promoting more uniform vertical reaction and lateral grain growth—we improved the uniformity of CZTSSe films and achieved a single-cell efficiency of 13.4% and a solar module efficiency of 8.91%. We further optimized the module structure to reduce non-ideal contact and patterning-induced shunt and resistive losses, resulting in a champion CZTSSe module with a National Renewable Energy Laboratory-certified efficiency of 10.1%. This module also exhibits the lowest cell-to-module loss in open circuit voltage and current density among state-of-the-art emerging thin-film solar modules. Our work demonstrates the viability of solution processing to deposit uniform, large-area CZTSSe film and efficient solar modules, advancing the development of the technology.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01860-3

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