Aromatic interaction-driven out-of-plane orientation for inverted perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency

Qisen Zhou, Guoyu Huang, Jianan Wang, Tianyin Miao, Rui Chen, Xia Lei, Erxiang Xu, Sanwan Liu, He Zhu, Zhengtian Tan, Chenyang Shi, Xiaoxuan Liu, Qianqian Wang, Jingbai Li (), Yihua Chen, Qi Chen, Yang Shen, Manling Sui, Yue Lu (), Zonghao Liu () and Wei Chen ()
Additional contact information
Qisen Zhou: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Guoyu Huang: Beijing University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science and Engineering
Jianan Wang: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Tianyin Miao: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Rui Chen: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Xia Lei: Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
Erxiang Xu: Tsinghua University, State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering
Sanwan Liu: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
He Zhu: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Zhengtian Tan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Chenyang Shi: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Xiaoxuan Liu: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Qianqian Wang: Beijing Institute of Technology, Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering
Jingbai Li: Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
Yihua Chen: Beijing Institute of Technology, Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering
Qi Chen: Beijing Institute of Technology, Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering
Yang Shen: Tsinghua University, State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering
Manling Sui: Beijing University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science and Engineering
Yue Lu: Beijing University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science and Engineering
Zonghao Liu: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
Wei Chen: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics

Nature Energy, 2025, vol. 10, issue 11, 1371-1381

Abstract: Abstract Formamidinium and caesium metal halide perovskites enable high efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells, but uncontrolled crystallization limits their performance. Here we regulate the nucleation and growth of the perovskite through aromatic interactions between naphthalene ammonium salts and naphthalenesulfonates. The ammonium groups of the naphthalene ammonium salts occupy the formamidinium site, while the sulfonate groups of the naphthalenesulfonates coordinate with lead ions. Their naphthalene moieties form tight aromatic stacking adjacent to the [PbI6]4− octahedra. These interactions promote ordered out-of-plane crystallization along the (100) plane, enhancing defect passivation and carrier transport. We achieve a power conversion efficiency of 27.02% (certified 26.88%) for inverted solar cells. Encapsulated devices retain 98.2% of their initial efficiency after 2,000 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination in ambient air. Furthermore, we demonstrate a certified steady-state efficiency of 23.18% for inverted mini-modules with an aperture area of 11.09 cm2 and a certified efficiency of 29.07% for all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01882-x

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