Self-assembled bilayer for perovskite solar cells with improved tolerance against thermal stresses

Bitao Dong, Mingyang Wei, Yuheng Li, Yingguo Yang, Wei Ma (), Yueshuai Zhang, Yanbiao Ran, Meijie Cui, Ziru Su, Qunping Fan, Zhaozhao Bi, Tomas Edvinsson, Zhiqin Ding, Huanxin Ju, Shuai You (), Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin, Xiong Li (), Anders Hagfeldt, Michael Grätzel () and Yuhang Liu ()
Additional contact information
Bitao Dong: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Mingyang Wei: National University of Singapore
Yuheng Li: Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Yingguo Yang: Fudan University
Wei Ma: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Yueshuai Zhang: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Yanbiao Ran: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Meijie Cui: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Ziru Su: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Qunping Fan: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Zhaozhao Bi: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Tomas Edvinsson: Uppsala University
Zhiqin Ding: ULVAC-PHI Instruments Co. Ltd
Huanxin Ju: ULVAC-PHI Instruments Co. Ltd
Shuai You: Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Xiong Li: Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Anders Hagfeldt: Uppsala University
Michael Grätzel: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Yuhang Liu: Xi’an Jiaotong University

Nature Energy, 2025, vol. 10, issue 3, 342-353

Abstract: Abstract The adoption of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) requires improved resistance to high temperatures and temperature variations. Hole-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have enabled progress in the performance of inverted PSCs, yet they may compromise temperature stability owing to desorption and weak interfacial contact. Here we developed a self-assembled bilayer by covalently interconnecting a phosphonic acid SAM with a triphenylamine upper layer. This polymerized network, formed through Friedel–Crafts alkylation, resisted thermal degradation up to 100 °C for 200 h. Meanwhile, the face-on-oriented upper layer exhibited adhesive contact with perovskites, leading to a 1.7-fold improvement in adhesion energy compared with the SAM–perovskite interface. We reported power conversion efficiencies exceeding 26% for inverted PSCs. The champion devices demonstrated less than 4% and 3% efficiency loss after 2,000 h damp heat exposure (85 °C and 85% relative humidity) and over 1,200 thermal cycles between −40 °C and 85 °C, respectively, meeting the temperature stability criteria outlined in the International Electrotechnical Commission 61215:2021 standards.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01689-2

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