Non-flammable electrolytes with high salt-to-solvent ratios for Li-ion and Li-metal batteries

Ziqi Zeng, Vijayakumar Murugesan, Kee Sung Han, Xiaoyu Jiang, Yuliang Cao (), Lifen Xiao (), Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang, Ji-Guang Zhang, Maria L. Sushko and Jun Liu ()
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Ziqi Zeng: Wuhan University
Vijayakumar Murugesan: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Kee Sung Han: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Xiaoyu Jiang: Wuhan University
Yuliang Cao: Wuhan University
Lifen Xiao: Wuhan University of Technology
Xinping Ai: Wuhan University
Hanxi Yang: Wuhan University
Ji-Guang Zhang: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Maria L. Sushko: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Jun Liu: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Nature Energy, 2018, vol. 3, issue 8, 674-681

Abstract: Abstract Non-flammable electrolytes could intrinsically eliminate fire hazards and improve battery safety, but their compatibility with electrode materials, especially graphite anodes, remains an obstacle owing to the strong catalytic activity of the anode surfaces. Here, we report an approach that improves the stability of non-flammable phosphate electrolytes by adjusting the molar ratio of Li salt to solvent. At a high Li salt-to-solvent molar ratio (~1:2), the phosphate solvent molecules are mostly coordinated with the Li+ cations, and the undesired reactivity of the solvent molecules toward the graphite anode can be effectively suppressed. High cycling Coulombic efficiency (99.7%), good cycle life and safe operation of commercial 18650 Li-ion cells with these electrolytes are demonstrated. In addition, these non-flammable electrolytes show reduced reactivity toward Li-metal electrodes. Non-dendritic Li-metal plating and stripping in Li–Cu half-cells are demonstrated with high Coulombic efficiency (>99%) and good stability.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0196-y

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