An intermediate temperature garnet-type solid electrolyte-based molten lithium battery for grid energy storage

Yang Jin, Kai Liu, Jialiang Lang, Denys Zhuo, Zeya Huang, Chang-an Wang, Hui Wu () and Yi Cui ()
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Yang Jin: Tsinghua University
Kai Liu: Tsinghua University
Jialiang Lang: Tsinghua University
Denys Zhuo: Stanford University
Zeya Huang: Tsinghua University
Chang-an Wang: Tsinghua University
Hui Wu: Tsinghua University
Yi Cui: Stanford University

Nature Energy, 2018, vol. 3, issue 9, 732-738

Abstract: Abstract Batteries are an attractive grid energy storage technology, but a reliable battery system with the functionalities required for a grid such as high power capability, high safety and low cost remains elusive. Here, we report a solid electrolyte-based molten lithium battery constructed with a molten lithium anode, a molten Sn–Pb or Bi–Pb alloy cathode and a garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) solid electrolyte tube. We show that the assembled Li||LLZTO||Sn–Pb and Li||LLZTO||Bi–Pb cells can stably cycle at an intermediate temperature of 240 °C for about one month at current densities of 50 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2 respectively, with almost no capacity decay and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.98%. Furthermore, the cells demonstrate high power capability with current densities up to 300 mA cm−2 (90 mW cm−2) for Li||LLZTO||Sn–Pb and 500 mA cm−2 (175 mW cm−2) for Li||LLZTO||Bi–Pb. Our design offers prospects for grid energy storage with intermediate temperature operations, high safety margin and low capital and maintenance costs.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0198-9

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