Pressure-tailored lithium deposition and dissolution in lithium metal batteries

Chengcheng Fang (), Bingyu Lu, Gorakh Pawar, Minghao Zhang, Diyi Cheng, Shuru Chen, Miguel Ceja, Jean-Marie Doux, Henry Musrock, Mei Cai, Boryann Liaw () and Ying Shirley Meng ()
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Chengcheng Fang: University of California San Diego
Bingyu Lu: University of California San Diego
Gorakh Pawar: Idaho National Laboratory
Minghao Zhang: University of California San Diego
Diyi Cheng: University of California San Diego
Shuru Chen: General Motors Research and Development Center
Miguel Ceja: University of California San Diego
Jean-Marie Doux: University of California San Diego
Henry Musrock: Michigan State University
Mei Cai: General Motors Research and Development Center
Boryann Liaw: Idaho National Laboratory
Ying Shirley Meng: University of California San Diego

Nature Energy, 2021, vol. 6, issue 10, 987-994

Abstract: Abstract Unregulated lithium (Li) growth is the major cause of low Coulombic efficiency, short cycle life and safety hazards for rechargeable Li metal batteries. Strategies that aim to achieve large granular Li deposits have been extensively explored, and yet it remains a challenge to achieve the ideal Li deposits, which consist of large Li particles that are seamlessly packed on the electrode and can be reversibly deposited and stripped. Here we report a dense Li deposition (99.49% electrode density) with an ideal columnar structure that is achieved by controlling the uniaxial stack pressure during battery operation. Using multiscale characterization and simulation, we elucidate the critical role of stack pressure on Li nucleation, growth and dissolution processes and propose a Li-reservoir-testing protocol to maintain the ideal Li morphology during extended cycling. The precise manipulation of Li deposition and dissolution is a critical step to enable fast charging and a low-temperature operation for Li metal batteries.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-021-00917-3

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