Defect compensation in formamidinium–caesium perovskites for highly efficient solar mini-modules with improved photostability

Yehao Deng, Shuang Xu, Shangshang Chen, Xun Xiao, Jingjing Zhao and Jinsong Huang ()
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Yehao Deng: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Shuang Xu: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Shangshang Chen: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Xun Xiao: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Jingjing Zhao: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Jinsong Huang: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Nature Energy, 2021, vol. 6, issue 6, 633-641

Abstract: Abstract Formamidinium–caesium mixed-cation perovskites have shown better thermal stability than their methylammonium-containing counterparts but they suffer from photoinstability induced by iodide migration and phase segregation. Here we improve their photostability by adding slightly excessive AX (at a molar percentage of 0.25% to Pb2+ ions), where A is formamidinium or caesium and X is iodine. The excessive AX does not improve the initial solar cell efficiency. It compensates iodide vacancies and suppresses ion migration and defects generation during long-term illumination by around tenfold compared with AX-deficient devices. Consequently, generation of hole traps and phase segregation is impeded, with the former limiting solar cell efficiency after degradation. The perovskite mini-modules reached a certified stabilized efficiency of 18.6% with an aperture area of ~30 cm2, corresponding to an active area efficiency of 20.2%. The mini-module maintains 93.6% of the initial efficiency after continuous operation under 1 sun illumination for >1,000 h at 50 ± 5 °C in air.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-021-00831-8

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