Tuning the solvation structure with salts for stable sodium-metal batteries

Jiarui He, Amruth Bhargav, Laisuo Su, Julia Lamb, John Okasinski, Woochul Shin and Arumugam Manthiram ()
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Jiarui He: The University of Texas at Austin
Amruth Bhargav: The University of Texas at Austin
Laisuo Su: The University of Texas at Austin
Julia Lamb: The University of Texas at Austin
John Okasinski: Argonne National Laboratory
Woochul Shin: The University of Texas at Austin
Arumugam Manthiram: The University of Texas at Austin

Nature Energy, 2024, vol. 9, issue 4, 446-456

Abstract: Abstract Sodium-metal batteries are an appealing, sustainable, low-cost alternative to lithium metal batteries due to the high abundance and theoretical specific capacity (1,165 mA h g−1) of sodium. However, the poor compatibility of the electrolyte with the cathode and anode leads to unstable electrode–electrolyte interphases. Here we introduce the concept of using a salt as a diluent, which enables the use of a single non-flammable solvent, such as trimethyl phosphate. By using sodium nitrate (NaNO3) salt as a model diluent, we report a 1.1 M NaFSI–NaNO3–trimethyl phosphate electrolyte that forms a stable interface with sodium-metal anode. In addition, the formation of robust cathode–electrolyte interphases on Na(Ni0.3Fe0.4Mn0.3)O2 cathode facilitates smooth phase transitions, thus leading to stable cycle life with a capacity retention of 80% over 500 cycles at C/5 rate in Na||Na(Ni0.3Fe0.4Mn0.3)O2 cells. The work demonstrates a promising approach towards the development of safe, low-cost, sustainable high-performance sodium-metal batteries.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01469-y

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