Global phylogenetic analysis reveals multiple origins and correlates of genital mutilation/cutting

Gabriel Šaffa, Jan Zrzavý and Pavel Duda ()
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Gabriel Šaffa: University of South Bohemia
Jan Zrzavý: University of South Bohemia
Pavel Duda: University of South Bohemia

Nature Human Behaviour, 2022, vol. 6, issue 5, 635-645

Abstract: Abstract Genital mutilation/cutting is costly in terms of health, survival and reproduction, and the long-term maintenance of these practices is an evolutionary conundrum. Previous studies have suggested a mate-guarding function or various signalling functions of genital mutilation/cutting. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods and two global ethnographic samples to study the origins and socio-ecological correlates of major types of female and male genital mutilation/cutting. Male genital mutilation/cutting probably originated in polygynous societies with separate residence of co-wives, supporting a mate-guarding function. Female genital mutilation/cutting originated subsequently and almost exclusively in societies already practising male genital mutilation/cutting, where it may have become a signal of chastity. Both have originated multiple times, some as early as in the mid-Holocene (5,000–7,000 years ago), considerably predating the earliest archaeological evidence and written records. Genital mutilation/cutting co-evolves with and may help maintain fundamental social structures, hindering efforts to change these cultural practices.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01321-x

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