Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation

Anastasia Kozyreva (), Philipp Lorenz-Spreen, Stefan M. Herzog, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Stephan Lewandowsky, Ralph Hertwig, Ayesha Ali, Joe Bak-Coleman, Sarit Barzilai, Melisa Basol, Adam J. Berinsky, Cornelia Betsch, John Cook, Lisa K. Fazio, Michael Geers, Andrew M. Guess, Haifeng Huang, Horacio Larreguy, Rakoen Maertens, Folco Panizza, Gordon Pennycook, David G. Rand, Steve Rathje, Jason Reifler, Philipp Schmid, Mark Smith, Briony Swire-Thompson, Paula Szewach, Sander Linden and Sam Wineburg
Additional contact information
Anastasia Kozyreva: Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Philipp Lorenz-Spreen: Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Stefan M. Herzog: Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Ullrich K. H. Ecker: University of Western Australia
Stephan Lewandowsky: University of Bristol
Ralph Hertwig: Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Ayesha Ali: Lahore University of Management Sciences
Joe Bak-Coleman: Columbia University
Sarit Barzilai: University of Haifa
Melisa Basol: University of Cambridge
Adam J. Berinsky: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cornelia Betsch: University of Erfurt
John Cook: University of Melbourne
Lisa K. Fazio: Vanderbilt University
Michael Geers: Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Andrew M. Guess: Princeton University
Haifeng Huang: Ohio State University
Rakoen Maertens: University of Oxford
Folco Panizza: IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca
Gordon Pennycook: Cornell University
David G. Rand: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Steve Rathje: New York University
Jason Reifler: University of Exeter
Philipp Schmid: University of Erfurt
Mark Smith: Stanford University
Briony Swire-Thompson: Northeastern University
Paula Szewach: University of Exeter
Sander Linden: University of Cambridge
Sam Wineburg: Stanford University

Nature Human Behaviour, 2024, vol. 8, issue 6, 1044-1052

Abstract: Abstract The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0

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