Predicting human decisions with behavioural theories and machine learning

Ori Plonsky (), Reut Apel, Eyal Ert, Moshe Tennenholtz, David Bourgin, Joshua C. Peterson, Daniel Reichman, Thomas L. Griffiths, Stuart J. Russell, Even C. Carter, James F. Cavanagh and Ido Erev
Additional contact information
Ori Plonsky: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Reut Apel: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Eyal Ert: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Moshe Tennenholtz: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
David Bourgin: Adobe Research
Joshua C. Peterson: Boston University
Daniel Reichman: Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Thomas L. Griffiths: Princeton University
Stuart J. Russell: University of California, Berkeley
Even C. Carter: DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory
James F. Cavanagh: The University of New Mexico
Ido Erev: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Nature Human Behaviour, 2025, vol. 9, issue 11, 2271-2284

Abstract: Abstract Predicting human decisions under risk and uncertainty remains a fundamental challenge across disciplines. Existing models often struggle even in highly stylized tasks like choice between lotteries. Here we introduce BEAST gradient boosting (BEAST-GB), a hybrid model integrating behavioural theory (BEAST) with machine learning. We first present CPC18, a competition for predicting risky choice, in which BEAST-GB won. Then, using two large datasets, we demonstrate that BEAST-GB predicts more accurately than neural networks trained on extensive data and dozens of existing behavioural models. BEAST-GB also generalizes robustly across unseen experimental contexts, surpassing direct empirical generalization, and helps to refine and improve the behavioural theory itself. Our analyses highlight the potential of anchoring predictions on behavioural theory even in data-rich settings and even when the theory alone falters. Our results underscore how integrating machine learning with theoretical frameworks, especially those—like BEAST—designed for prediction, can improve our ability to predict and understand human behaviour.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02267-6

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