The synergy of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory for optimized learning

Liye Zou (), Zhihao Zhang, Myrto Mavilidi, Yanxia Chen, Fabian Herold, Kim Ouwehand and Fred Paas
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Liye Zou: Shenzhen University
Zhihao Zhang: Shenzhen University
Myrto Mavilidi: University of Wollongong
Yanxia Chen: Shenzhen University
Fabian Herold: University of Potsdam
Kim Ouwehand: Erasmus University Rotterdam
Fred Paas: Erasmus University Rotterdam

Nature Human Behaviour, 2025, vol. 9, issue 5, 877-885

Abstract: Abstract The integration of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory offers a promising framework for advancing educational practices. Cognitive load theory emphasizes the constraints of working memory and the importance of managing cognitive load through effective instructional design. Embodied cognition highlights the role of physical actions, such as gestures, object manipulation and whole-body activities, in enhancing cognitive processes. This Review highlights the importance of bridging these frameworks by exploring their theoretical foundations and synthesizing empirical evidence on the benefits of physical actions in learning. Here we present the introduction of the relevance–integration taxonomy as a transformative advancement in embodied cognition research, offering new perspectives for educational interventions. Additionally, we identify current gaps in cognitive load theory applications and propose future research directions to unify these approaches, aiming to optimize learning outcomes across diverse educational settings. This work has broad implications for advancing evidence-based instructional design.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02152-2

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