End-to-end topographic networks as models of cortical map formation and human visual behaviour

Zejin Lu (), Adrien Doerig, Victoria Bosch, Bas Krahmer, Daniel Kaiser, Radoslaw M. Cichy and Tim C. Kietzmann ()
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Zejin Lu: Osnabrück University
Adrien Doerig: Osnabrück University
Victoria Bosch: Osnabrück University
Bas Krahmer: Radboud University
Daniel Kaiser: Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
Radoslaw M. Cichy: Freie Universität Berlin
Tim C. Kietzmann: Osnabrück University

Nature Human Behaviour, 2025, vol. 9, issue 9, 1975-1991

Abstract: Abstract A prominent feature of the primate visual system is its topographic organization. For understanding its origins, its computational role and its behavioural implications, computational models are of central importance. Yet, vision is commonly modelled using convolutional neural networks, which are hard-wired to learn identical features across space and thus lack topography. Here we overcome this limitation by introducing all-topographic neural networks (All-TNNs). All-TNNs develop several features reminiscent of primate topography, including smooth orientation and category selectivity maps, and enhanced processing of regions with task-relevant information. In addition, All-TNNs operate on a low energy budget, suggesting a metabolic benefit of smooth topographic organization. To test our model against behaviour, we collected a dataset of human spatial biases in object recognition and found that All-TNNs significantly outperform control models. All-TNNs thereby offer a promising candidate for modelling primate visual topography and its role in downstream behaviour.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02220-7

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