River bank instability from unsustainable sand mining in the lower Mekong River

Christopher R. Hackney (), Stephen E. Darby, Daniel R. Parsons, Julian Leyland, James L. Best, Rolf Aalto, Andrew P. Nicholas and Robert C. Houseago
Additional contact information
Christopher R. Hackney: University of Hull
Stephen E. Darby: University of Southampton
Daniel R. Parsons: University of Hull
Julian Leyland: University of Southampton
James L. Best: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Rolf Aalto: University of Exeter
Andrew P. Nicholas: University of Exeter
Robert C. Houseago: University of Hull

Nature Sustainability, 2020, vol. 3, issue 3, 217-225

Abstract: Abstract Recent growth of the construction industry has fuelled the demand for sand, with considerable volumes being extracted from the world’s large rivers. Sediment transport from upstream naturally replenishes sediment stored in river beds, but the absence of sand flux data from large rivers inhibits assessment of the sustainability of ongoing sand mining. Here, we demonstrate that bedload (0.18 ± 0.07 Mt yr−1) is a small (1%) fraction of the total annual sediment load of the lower Mekong River. Even when considering suspended sand (6 ± 2 Mt yr−1), the total sand flux entering the Mekong delta (6.18 ± 2.01 Mt yr−1) is far less than current sand extraction rates (50 Mt yr−1). We show that at these current rates, river bed levels can be lowered sufficiently to induce river bank instability, potentially damaging housing and infrastructure and threatening lives. Our research suggests that on the Mekong and other large rivers subject to excessive sand mining, it is imperative to establish regulatory frameworks that limit extraction rates to levels that permit the establishment of a sustainable balance between the natural supply/storage of sand and the rate at which sand is removed.

Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0455-3

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