Losses and lifetimes of metals in the economy

Alexandre Charpentier Poncelet (), Christoph Helbig (), Philippe Loubet, Antoine Beylot, Stéphanie Muller, Jacques Villeneuve, Bertrand Laratte, Andrea Thorenz, Axel Tuma and Guido Sonnemann
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Alexandre Charpentier Poncelet: University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM
Christoph Helbig: University of Augsburg
Philippe Loubet: University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM
Antoine Beylot: BRGM
Stéphanie Muller: BRGM
Jacques Villeneuve: BRGM
Bertrand Laratte: Arts et Métiers, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M
Andrea Thorenz: University of Augsburg
Axel Tuma: University of Augsburg
Guido Sonnemann: University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM

Nature Sustainability, 2022, vol. 5, issue 8, 717-726

Abstract: Abstract The consumption of most metals continues to rise following ever-increasing population growth, affluence and technological development. Sustainability considerations urge greater resource efficiency and retention of metals in the economy. We model the fate of a yearly cohort of 61 extracted metals over time and identify where losses are expected to occur through a life-cycle lens. We find that ferrous metals have the longest lifetimes, with 150 years on average, followed by precious, non-ferrous and specialty metals with 61, 50 and 12 years on average, respectively. Production losses are the largest for 15 of the studied metals whereas use losses are the largest for barium, mercury and strontium. Losses to waste management and recycling are the largest for 43 metals, suggesting the need to improve design for better sorting and recycling and to ensure longer-lasting products, in combination with improving waste-management practices. Compared with the United Nations Environmental Programme’s recycling statistics, our results show the importance of taking a life-cycle perspective to estimate losses of metals to develop effective circular economy strategies. We provide the dataset and model used in a machine-readable format to allow further research on metal cycles.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41893-022-00895-8

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