A quarter century of Culture's Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework

Bradley L Kirkman, Kevin B Lowe and Cristina B Gibson
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Bradley L Kirkman: Department of Management, Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Kevin B Lowe: Department of Business Administration, Joseph M. Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
Cristina B Gibson: Graduate School of Management, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

Journal of International Business Studies, 2006, vol. 37, issue 3, 285-320

Abstract: Since Geert Hofstede's Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Sage, 1980) was published, researchers have utilized Hofstede's cultural values framework in a wide variety of empirical studies. We review 180 studies published in 40 business and psychology journals and two international annual volumes between 1980 and June 2002 to consolidate what is empirically verifiable about Hofstede's cultural values framework. We discuss limitations in the Hofstede-inspired research and make recommendations for researchers who use Hofstede's framework in the future. Journal of International Business Studies (2006) 37, 285–320. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202

Date: 2006
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