Proactive investments in switching-flexibility and the value of agility in international business

Jostein Tvedt () and Randi Lunnan ()
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Jostein Tvedt: The Institute of Transport Economics
Randi Lunnan: BI-Norwegian Business School

Journal of International Business Studies, 2025, vol. 56, issue 5, No 7, 646-658

Abstract: Abstract How should a multinational enterprise (MNE) shape its own agility in response to the environments in which it operates? In this paper we argue that proactive investments in switching-flexibility, e.g., to facilitate future relocations of production assets, can be a powerful tool for handling international business (IB) volatility. If options to invest in future flexibility are exercised strategically, international relocation may become a more frequent phenomenon in high than in low volatility industries. This prediction contrasts the value-of-waiting recommendation of the classical real options literature, which suggests that relocation becomes less frequent if volatility is high. The differences in predictions stem from a change in perspective—from exogenous flexibility in the classical literature to endogenous flexibility in this study. Optimal proactive investments in future agility increase the value of a firm and enhance the firm’s ability to handle risk. This suggests that MNEs operating in volatile and competitive international markets typically become more agile than firms operating in stable environments. The paper’s proposition is supported by illustrative cases from ocean industries and by a real options model with endogenous reversibility. The model shows that optimal proactive investments in flexibility may tighten the entry and exit threshold spread for higher volatility.

Keywords: Optimal switching; Proactive investments in flexibility; Real options (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1057/s41267-025-00770-6

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