The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis

Jin Wang and Wenxiang Fan ()
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Jin Wang: Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University
Wenxiang Fan: Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University

Palgrave Communications, 2025, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-21

Abstract: Abstract As a new type of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT is becoming widely used in learning. However, academic consensus regarding its efficacy remains elusive. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT in improving students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking through a meta-analysis of 51 research studies published between November 2022 and February 2025. The results indicate that ChatGPT has a large positive impact on improving learning performance (g = 0.867) and a moderately positive impact on enhancing learning perception (g = 0.456) and fostering higher-order thinking (g = 0.457). The impact of ChatGPT on learning performance was moderated by type of course (QB = 64.249, P

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y

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