Children supervising children across low- and middle-income countries: the role of mothers’ education

Mónica Ruiz-Casares (), Ruo Ying Feng, Negin Zamani, René Iwo, Magdalena Janus, Afua Twum-Danso Imoh and José Ignacio Nazif-Muñoz
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Mónica Ruiz-Casares: Toronto Metropolitan University
Ruo Ying Feng: University of Ottawa
Negin Zamani: Toronto Metropolitan University
René Iwo: University of North Carolina
Magdalena Janus: McMaster University
Afua Twum-Danso Imoh: University of Bristol
José Ignacio Nazif-Muñoz: Université de Sherbrooke

Palgrave Communications, 2025, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Around the world, many young children spend time supervising or being supervised by other children without adults. This can have both positive (e.g., strengthening sibling ties) and negative (e.g., hinder supervisor’s schooling) consequences for children, families, and communities. Population-based information from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is scarce on this phenomenon. Poisson random effect regression models using the most recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 81 LMIC were built to estimate the prevalence of leaving children under five years-old under the supervision of another child younger than 10 years of age and the role of maternal education in this childcare arrangement. Prevalence of child-to-child supervision ranged from no supervision at all to 55.7% globally, with large variations across countries and regions. The highest prevalence was found in West and Central Africa. In 90% of the countries across all regions, higher maternal education was associated with lower prevalence rates of children supervised by another child. No clear pattern was found among the eight countries across four continents displaying the opposite trend. These findings call for context-based studies to identify determinants and consequences of this care arrangement and for continued support to mothers’ education to bolster the supervision and healthy development of child supervisors and supervisees.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-05008-2

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