The dual-track paradox in social welfare—a layered governance perspective

Yujie Zhang ()
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Yujie Zhang: Chongqing University

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 2025, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract This study investigates the dual-track paradox in China’s welfare governance, where formal state-led programs and informal relational strategies coexist and interact. Using the 2021 Chinese Social Survey data (N = 9260), it examines how formal social security participation and informal gift-giving behavior relate to individual life stress. Results indicate that while formal participation is associated with lower stress (β = –0.037, p

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-05601-5

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