Education and Income Relationship in Turkey

Feride Ozturk

The Economics and Finance Letters, 2016, vol. 3, issue 1, 8-12

Abstract: This paper examines the causal relationship between four different measures of education and income in Turkey using time series data for the period 1971-2013. The four measures are: (a) gross primary-school enrolment, (b) gross secondary-school enrolment, (c) gross higher-school enrolment and (d) government expenditure on education relative to total government expenditure. The analysis employs a Toda and Yamamoto (1995) approach to Granger non-causality. The empirical findings indicate evidence of a unidirectional causality running from secondary-school enrolment to GDP per capita and higher-school enrolment to GDP per capita. The results also indicate that primary education and government spending on education do not Granger cause economic growth and vice versa.

Keywords: Education; Economic growth; Government expenditure; Toda-Yamamoto; Granger causality; Human capital (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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