New approaches to meta-analyze differences in skewness, kurtosis, and correlation

Pietro Pollo, Szymon M Drobniak, Hamed Haselimashhadi, Malgorzata Lagisz, Ayumi Mizuno, Laura A B Wilson, Daniel W A Noble and Shinichi Nakagawa

PLOS Biology, 2026, vol. 24, issue 2, 1-15

Abstract: Biological differences between males and females are pervasive. Researchers often focus on sex differences in the mean or, occasionally, in variation, albeit other measures can be useful for biomedical and biological research. For instance, differences in skewness (asymmetry of a distribution), kurtosis (heaviness of a distribution’s tails), and correlation (relationship between two variables) might be crucial to improve medical diagnosis and to understand natural processes. Yet, there are currently no meta-analytic ways to measure differences in these metrics between two groups. We propose three effect size statistics to fill this gap: Δsk, Δku, and ΔZr, which measure differences in skewness, kurtosis, and correlation, respectively. Besides presenting the rationale for the calculation of these effect size statistics, we conducted a simulation to explore their properties and used a large dataset of mice traits to illustrate their potential. For example, in our case study, we found that females show, on average, a greater correlation between fat mass and heart weight than males. Although calculating Δsk, Δku, and ΔZr will require large sample sizes of individual data, technological advancements in data collection create increase opportunities to use these effect size statistics. Importantly, Δsk, Δku, and ΔZr can be used to compare any two groups, allowing a new generation of meta-analyses that explore such differences and potentially leading to new insights in multiple fields of study.Biological differences between males and females are pervasive, but researchers often focus on sex differences in the mean. This study presents new statistical tools that allow researchers to compare differences in skewness, kurtosis and correlations between groups, opening the door to richer meta-analyses.

Date: 2026
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3003653 (text/html)
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file ... 03653&type=printable (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pbio00:3003653

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003653

Access Statistics for this article

More articles in PLOS Biology from Public Library of Science
Bibliographic data for series maintained by plosbiology ().