How does a recent gender norms scale perform? Exploratory factor analyses among adolescents in Ethiopia and Bangladesh

Anita Alaze, John Grosser, Oliver Razum and Céline Miani

PLOS Global Public Health, 2025, vol. 5, issue 10, 1-19

Abstract: Inequitable gender norms shape adolescents’ perceptions and behaviours, increasing the risk for adverse health outcomes as adults. However, there is a lack of reliable scales to measure these norms. The Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) project proposes a scale for adolescents aged 10–19 years considered vulnerable, (i) distinguishing between individual-level gender attitudes and community-level gender norms (2 factors), and (ii) categorising items into five domains (e.g., education; 5 factors). As part of validating this scale, we analyse the two- and five-factor structure using GAGE datasets from Ethiopia and Bangladesh. We performed Explorative Factor Analyses (EFA) using Principal Axis Factoring and oblique rotation. We tested sampling adequacy using Bartlett’s test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin measure. In the EFA, we tested the two-factor structure and refined the initial five-factor structure by removing variables that failed to load onto a factor or exhibited cross-loadings. Next, we removed variables with low communalities (

Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pgph00:0005190

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0005190

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