Inpatient psychiatric bed capacity within CMS-certified U.S hospitals, 2011–2023: A cross-sectional study

Zoe Lindenfeld, Jonathan H Cantor, Colleen M McCullough, Jemar R Bather and Ryan K McBain

PLOS Medicine, 2025, vol. 22, issue 7, 1-15

Abstract: Background: Despite persistently high rates of mental illness and suicide, receipt of treatment for mental health conditions remains low. In this context, it is important to quantify the number of inpatient psychiatric beds (IPBs), and to understand differences in the number of IPBs throughout the U.S, as these provide critical evaluation, medication, and stabilization services. Methods and findings: This study used nationally-representative data drawn from the 2011−2023 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Healthcare Cost Report Information System (HCRIS). From 2011−2023, while the total number of IPBs—in both psychiatric hospitals (PHs) and short-term acute care hospitals (STACHs)—did not change, the number IPBs within STACHs fell from 11.3 in 2011 to 9.06 in 2023. During this period, 846 counties (in which over 244 million individuals reside) experienced a decline in the rate of IPBs, while another 1,449 counties (in which 59 million individuals reside) never had IPBs. In regression models predicting the number of IPBs in STACHs and PHs, hospitals that received DSH payments (STACHs: IRR:1.93, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.15; PHs: IRR:1.40; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.84), had more full-time employees (STACHs: IRR:1.35, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.38; PHs: IRR:1.77; 95% CI: 1.75, 1.80) and were teaching STACHs (STACHs: IRR:1.78; 95% CI: 1.63, 1.95) had significantly more IPBs. In county-level regression models, counties with a lower percentage of Black residents (β: −21.15; 95% CI: −37.14, −5.16) had a significantly higher rate of IPBs. The absence of a causal design means we cannot assess the reasons behind changes in IPBs across time, and is a limitation of this study. Conclusions: This study provides an overview of the availability of IPBs throughout the U.S, as well as the number of individuals without access to IPBs. Findings indicate a dearth of STACH-based IPBs, particularly in areas with a greater proportion of racial minority residents. Why was this study done?: What did the researchers do and find?: What do these findings mean?: In a cross-sectional study, Zoe Lindenfeld and colleagues quantified the number of inpatient psychiatric beds in the USA between 2011 and 2023, and assessed spatial and temporal trends.

Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pmed00:1004682

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004682

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