Episodic disability framework in the context of Long COVID: Findings from a community-engaged international qualitative study

Kelly K O’Brien, Darren A Brown, Kiera McDuff, Natalie St. Clair-Sullivan, Soo Chan Carusone, Catherine Thomson, Lisa McCorkell, Hannah Wei, Susie Goulding, Margaret O’Hara, Niamh Roche, Ruth Stokes, Mary Kelly, Angela M Cheung, Kristine M Erlandson, Richard Harding, Jaime H Vera, Colm Bergin, Larry Robinson, Lisa Avery, Ciaran Bannan, Brittany Torres, Imelda O’Donovan, Nisa Malli and Patricia Solomon

PLOS ONE, 2025, vol. 20, issue 2, 1-38

Abstract: Background: Increasing numbers of adults are living with the health-related consequences of Long COVID. The Episodic Disability Framework (EDF), derived from perspectives of adults living with HIV, characterizes the multi-dimensional and episodic nature of health-related challenges (disability) experienced by an individual. Our aim was to determine the applicability of the Episodic Disability Framework to conceptualize the health-related challenges experienced among adults living with Long COVID. Methods: We conducted a community-engaged qualitative descriptive study involving online semi-structured interviews. We recruited adults who self-identified as living with Long COVID via collaborator community organizations in Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom, and United States. We purposively recruited for diversity in age, gender identity, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and time since initial COVID-19 infection. We used a semi-structured interview guide informed by the EDF to explore experiences of disability living with Long COVID, specifically health-related challenges and how challenges were experienced over time. We conducted a group-based content analysis. Results: Of the 40 participants, the median age was 39 years; and the majority were white (73%), women (63%), living with Long COVID for ≥ 1 year (83%). Consistent with the Episodic Disability Framework, disability was described as multi-dimensional and episodic, characterized by unpredictable periods of health and illness. Experiences of disability were consistent with the three main components of the Framework: A) dimensions of disability (physical, cognitive, mental-emotional health challenges, difficulties with day-to-day activities, challenges to social inclusion, uncertainty); B) contextual factors, extrinsic (social support; accessibility of environment and health services; stigma and epistemic injustice) and intrinsic (living strategies; personal attributes) that exacerbate or alleviate dimensions of disability; and C) triggers that initiate episodes of disability. Conclusions: The Episodic Disability Framework provides a way to conceptualize the multi-dimensional and episodic nature of disability experienced by adults living with Long COVID. The Framework provides guidance for future measurement of disability, and health and rehabilitation approaches to enhance practice, research, and policy in Long COVID.

Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0305187

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305187

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