Exploring equity in audit and feedback trials: Secondary analysis of a systematic review

Zeenat Ladak, Camille Williams, Tolulope Ojo, Camille Renee, Aranee Senthilmurugan, Thomas A Willis, Victor C Rentes, Armaghan Dabbagh, Heather A Shepherd, Tasneem Khan, Janyce Gnanvi, Mary Carter, Ambreen Sayani, Lynne Moore, Aisha Lofters and Noah M Ivers

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 3, 1-12

Abstract: Background: One potential approach to eliminating or reducing health inequities for health systems is audit and feedback (A&F). A&F involves providing measurements of quality indicators to health professionals to support continuous quality improvement, and to increase clinicians’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines. In theory, A&F could help direct efforts toward equity deserving sub-groups (e.g., gender-diverse individuals or those living with low-income) by highlighting factors that may place such sub-groups at higher risk of poor health outcomes. In cases where healthcare professionals can make adjustments to their practice or advocate for mitigating supports or services, A&F – when applied broadly – could help to address some health inequities. However, it is unknown whether and how A&F interventions are currently being used to support equity-oriented quality improvement. In this study, we sought to examine the extent to which trials evaluating A&F interventions address health equity. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of randomized controlled trials included in the latest Cochrane systematic review on the effects of A&F on professional practice, which included articles published up to 2020. We used the PROGRESS-Plus framework to consider the extent to which variables related to equity were examined in the trials. Based on extracted data, studies were categorized as not equity-oriented, equity-informed, or equity-focused. Results: Of the 271 articles included within this analysis, 44% of trials were classified as not equity-oriented (n = 120), 35% as equity-informed (n = 95), and 21% as equity-focused (n = 56). The proportion of equity-focused and informed trials increased over the timeline assessed. Only two articles described an equity-oriented framework approach. Only three articles explicitly reported how equity was embedded in their A&F process by highlighting factors including age, gender/sex, and substance use as part of the patient data presented in their feedback. The PROGRESS-Plus factors most commonly considered in the methods or analysis of the trials were age, insurance status, place of residence, and gender/sex. Conclusions: A&F trials rarely examine or report the extent to which equity issues inform trial design, A&F processes, analyses, and/or interpretations. Our findings suggest a need for future A&F trials that test explicit approaches to incorporating equity-related interventions to address health equity by helping healthcare professionals, teams, and organizations to be more aware of inappropriate discrepancies in care.

Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0339361

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0339361

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