A wearable monitoring system for running gait analysis by diffusion transformer

Xiaoxue Hu, Guoyu Wang and Guodong Ma

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 1, 1-18

Abstract: Conventional wearable monitoring devices often suffer from insufficient data accuracy and low posture recognition rates, making them inadequate for the demands of professional sports health monitoring. To address these issues, this study proposes a wearable monitoring system for running gait analysis based on the Diffusion Transformer (DiT). The system aims to achieve high-precision running posture recognition and real-time motion monitoring through multi-sensor data fusion and advanced deep learning architecture. First, a wearable system was developed using a nine-axis Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) inertial sensor and an UltraWide Band (UWB) positioning module. Data quality was enhanced through sensor calibration, noise compensation, and an adaptive filtering algorithm. Then, a DiT-LSTM running posture recognition model was constructed by integrating the DiT with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to perform posture recognition within the wearable system. Experimental results show that on the Human3.6M dataset, the DiT-LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 97.54%, a precision of 97.61%, a recall of 97.73%, an F1-score of 97.58%, and an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 98.61%. On the HumanEva dataset, the model attained an accuracy of 96.39%, a precision of 96.47%, a recall of 96.8%, an F1-score of 96.92%, and an AUC of 97.9%, all outperforming other algorithms. The complexity assessment showed that DiT-LSTM reached 14.7 GFLOPs on the Human3.6M dataset, with a per-epoch training time of 62.3 seconds, while its per-sample inference latency was only 9.4 ms, meeting real-time monitoring requirements. In the UWB-based position drift correction experiment, Sample 1 achieved mean errors of 0.637 m, 0.581 m, and 0.349 m on the X/Y/Z axes, with corresponding RMSE values of 0.041 m, 0.023 m, and 0.025 m, demonstrating high positioning accuracy and stability. By combining multimodal sensors with the DiT-LSTM model, the study offers reliable technical support for running gait analysis, injury prevention, and personalized training guidance.

Date: 2026
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0341066 (text/html)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id= ... 41066&type=printable (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0341066

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0341066

Access Statistics for this article

More articles in PLOS ONE from Public Library of Science
Bibliographic data for series maintained by plosone ().