Availability and affordability of essential medicines for non-communicable disease management in primary healthcare: Evidence from three municipalities in Ghana

Mary Yeboah, Richard Abeiku Bonney, Loretta Adu-Boahemaa Antwi, Pius Amponsah Anane, Obed Kwabena Offe Amponsah and Peter Agyei-Baffour

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 4, 1-17

Abstract: Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) cause 74% of global deaths, disproportionately affecting LMICs like Ghana. Chronic treatment remains hindered by medicine shortages and high costs, consuming over 50% of the minimum wage incomes. Despite Ghana’s NCD policies, supply chain gaps and price inflation persist. This study assesses access to medicine, operationally defined as availability and affordability, in three municipalities to inform reforms for Universal Health Coverage and achieve SDG 3.4 targets. Methods: This cross-sectional mixed study assessed the availability and affordability of NCD medicines in three municipalities in Ghana using WHO/HAI methods. Data on 62 medicines were collected from nine health facilities, supplemented by interviews with pharmacy managers. Results: This study assessed access to NCD medicines across three municipalities in Ghana, revealing stark disparities. Availability varied significantly by location (Oforikrom 70% vs. Juaben 48.6%, p

Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0346140

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0346140

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