A hybrid deep-learning-architecture for identifying cotton content in fabric materials

Max Wiedemann, Christopher Mai, Luca Eisentraut and Ricardo Buettner

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 5, 1-25

Abstract: Recycling plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable production. In particular, automating sorting processes holds great promise for enhancing both the efficiency and economic feasibility of the recycling industry. One challenge within this context is the classification of fabrics based on their cotton content. This task is relevant not only for recycling but also for the broader textile sector. Traditional methods often rely on manual labor, which is both time-consuming and labor-intensive, while advanced techniques like near-infrared spectrography, although effective, can be complex and expensive. We therefore propose a task-specific, deep-learning-based hybrid architecture approach for visually classifying fabrics based on their cotton content. The hybrid architecture leverages the strengths of DenseNet121 and Swin Transformer V2. The hybrid network is capable of capturing both local and global features, which enables it to detect differences in fiber types as well as quantify their presence within the fabric. To enhance its classification accuracy, we modified DenseNet121 with an adaptive feature pyramid network, which helps to consider features extracted at different levels, and a deformable convolution layer, focusing on structures in the fabric. Stratified 5-fold cross-validation was employed on a peer-reviewed dataset to assess the model’s performance and ensure its robustness. Compared to the state-of-the-art, we set a new benchmark for cross-validated visual approaches using standard camera imagery for cotton content classification with an average Root Mean Squared Error of 14.01%. We therefore prove the effectiveness of our architecture and its modifications. Our approach demonstrates the potential benefits of using deep learning methods for determining cotton content. These methods can help reduce manual effort, lower costs, and ultimately improve the economic situation of recycling companies.

Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0346583

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0346583

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