Generalized escape criteria for fractals via convex viscosity approximation iterations

Shuai Wang, Khaleel Ahmad, Yining Yang, Luminiţa-Ioana Cotîrlă and Daniel Breaz

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 6, 1-55

Abstract: In this manuscript, we present the generation of Mandelbrot sets, Julia set fractals, and Biomorphs using a two-step viscosity approximation method applied to the complex function W(z)=zn+uz+r, where n≥2 and u,r∈C. The two-step viscosity approximation method is employed to establish new escape criteria for Julia sets, Mandelbrot sets, and Biomorphs. Subsequently, the viscosity approximation process is extended by incorporating m-convexity, and the corresponding escape criteria are generalized for these fractals. Further, we introduce the viscosity approximation process with s-convexity and develop the associated escape criteria for the same fractal structures. Additionally, we provide a comparative visualization of Mandelbrot sets, Julia set fractals, and Biomorphs using the standard viscosity approximation process, as well as its m-convex and s-convex variants, applied to the same complex polynomial function. High-resolution fractal images are produced using MATLAB R2024a with 50 iterations and a figure resolution of 800, highlighting the differences in the resulting structures for identical parameter values.

Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0349186

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0349186

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