Pharmacogenomics knowledge and implementation readiness among community pharmacists in Jordan: A national cross-sectional study

Khalid Awad Al-Kubaisi, Derar H Abdel-Qader, Nadia Al Mazrouei, Rana Ibrahim and Ahmed Alhusban

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 5, 1-18

Abstract: Pharmacogenomics (PGx) offers a powerful strategy to improve medication safety and efficacy, yet its integration into community pharmacy practice remains limited. While an “attitude-knowledge gap” is known to exist globally, limited national data exist concerning PGx readiness among community pharmacists in Jordan. This study aimed to (i) quantify Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC)-aligned PGx knowledge and characterize attitudes; (ii) assess implementation readiness across organizational, leadership, and structural dimensions; (iii) map perceived barriers; and (iv) identify independent predictors of knowledge, attitudes, and readiness. A national, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a proportionate stratified random sampling method. A content-validated and reliability-tested electronic questionnaire was distributed to community pharmacists across Jordan’s three administrative regions. The instrument assessed demographics, CPIC-aligned knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers on five-point Likert scales, and theory-informed implementation readiness. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate tests, and multiple linear regression. A total of 347 community pharmacists completed the survey. A vast majority (83.0%) reported no prior formal PGx training. Knowledge of practical PGx was low, with a mean score of 5.54 ± 2.12 out of 10. Attitudes were neutral (mean = 3.49 ± 0.26), while perceived barriers were rated as significant (mean severity = 3.45 ± 0.30), with privacy concerns being the highest-rated challenge (mean = 3.65 ± 0.78). Total implementation readiness was moderate (mean = 3.34 ± 0.25), with organizational readiness (mean = 3.39) rated higher than structural readiness (mean = 3.21) or leadership support (mean = 3.27). Bivariate analyses revealed few significant associations, and crucially, multiple linear regression models showed that no demographic or practice characteristics within the variables tested were significant independent predictors of knowledge or readiness. Jordanian community pharmacists demonstrated a significant gap between their positive attitudes towards PGx and the practical knowledge and systemic support required for clinical implementation. The findings revealed that the identified deficits in knowledge and readiness were widespread across all surveyed subgroups, not concentrated in specific demographic or professional subgroups. Translating the existing positive sentiment into routine clinical practice urgently requires a nationwide, standardized educational strategy coupled with the development of systemic enablers, including reimbursement pathways, integrated clinical workflows, and explicit leadership support.

Date: 2026
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0349439 (text/html)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id= ... 49439&type=printable (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0349439

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0349439

Access Statistics for this article

More articles in PLOS ONE from Public Library of Science
Bibliographic data for series maintained by plosone ().