IoT-enabled smart home activity classification using BiLSTM and attention mechanisms

Sasmita Kumari Pradhan and Suryakanth V Gangashetty

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 9, 1-14

Abstract: IoT-enabled smart homes require accurate activity classification to enhance safety, healthcare monitoring, and energy efficiency through continuous sensing and intelligent interpretation of human behavior. Common approaches employ wearable or ambient sensors, signal preprocessing, feature extraction, and deep learning models such as CNNs, LSTMs, BiLSTM, and attention-based classifiers. These techniques generally achieve high classification accuracy, robust temporal modeling, and improved detection of complex activities, supporting reliable automation, health assessment, and anomaly recognition. Challenges include sensor noise, data imbalance, privacy concerns, limited generalization across homes, computational complexity, and reduced performance in real-time or resource-constrained environments. The proposed IoT framework integrates normalized sensor vectors with BiLSTM and attention mechanisms, achieving improved temporal feature learning and more accurate activity and anomaly classification. The proposed BiLSTM-Attention framework achieved 97.2% accuracy, 95.1% Dice coefficient, 90.6% Jaccard index, 96.5% sensitivity, and 98.1% specificity on the smart home activity dataset.

Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0355599

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0355599

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