The language of corruption: A literary analysis of social and moral decay in selected Xitsonga protest poems

Ndzalama Maluleke and Lebogang Steven Shirindzi
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Lebogang Steven Shirindzi: University of Venda

International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 2026, vol. 15, issue 4, 352-361

Abstract: This article explores the portrayal of corruption and moral decay in selected Xitsonga protest poetry, focusing on Ngobeni K.J.'s "Xana i vuphorisa ke?" and Khosa M.A.'s "Hi lo yini hina?". The study investigates how figurative language, particularly proverbs, metaphors, and rhetorical devices, functions not only as a literary technique but also as a social critique drawing on the context theory of meaning, which emphasizes how linguistic expressions derive their meaning from sociocultural and historical contexts in which they are used, the analysis demonstrates how the poets encode complex critiques of institutional decay into culturally resonant language. The study employs a qualitative research design using content analysis to identify and interpret themes of corruption in policing and religion. The findings reveal that both ports present corruption not simply as an act of individual moral failure but as a systemic issue rooted in nepotism, bribery, and spiritual manipulation. Ultimately, the article argues that protest poetry in indigenous languages serves as a powerful tool for moral reflection and civic engagement in contemporary South African society. Key Words: context theory of meaning, corruption, protest poetry, indigenous languages, social decay, moral decay

Date: 2026
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