Programas sociales, progresividad y descomposición del índice de progresividad de Kakwani, Bolivia 2016-2024

Social Programs, Progressivity, and Decomposition of the Kakwani Progressivity Index: Bolivia, 2016-2024

Marco Galván and Fernando Landa
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Marco Galván: Universidad Internacional SEK
Fernando Landa: Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas

Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Economico, 2026, vol. 24, issue 45, 83-140

Abstract: This paper assesses the distributional incidence and progressivity of social programs in Bolivia over the period 2016-2024. The analysis is grounded in the Kakwani (1977) progressivity framework and subsequent extensions by Lustig and Higgins (2013) and Marx et al. (2013), and incorporates the Wodon and Yitzhaki (2002) decomposition to quantify the inequality-reducing or inequality-increasing contribution of each income source. The Kakwani Progressivity Index is decomposed following Iyer and Reckers (2012), adapted to the context of social transfers. The empirical analysis covers Renta Dignidad, Juana Azurduy, Juancito Pinto, and the School Breakfast Program, and employs concentration curves, progressivity curves, and participation deficit curves (DS curves). Results indicate that all programs are progressive throughout the sample period, with most exhibiting pro-poor targeting, particularly in rural areas. Renta Dignidad accounts for the largest contribution to aggregate progressivity and the reduction of inequality. A cross-country comparison for 2024 with Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, and 2025 for the Dominican Republic, confirms the favorable distributive impact of social programs.

Keywords: Inequality; Social Programs; Progressivity; Kakwani Index; Pro-poor (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D31 H23 I38 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ris:revlde:022599

DOI: 10.35319/lajed.202645629

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