 Income Effects on Doctoral Programs in Pharmacy: Estimation and Prediction Using U.S. DataJulie Ann Luiz Adrian, Tam Bang Vu, Yaw Owusu and Karla Hayashi Journal of Empirical Economics, 2014, vol. 3, issue 5, 261-277 Abstract: The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine the effects of per capita income on pharmacy education in the U.S. Data on enrollments in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Ph.D.) programs for forty-five regions in the U.S. were examined. To account for the dynamic effects, lagged values of all variables were included in the regressions, including lagged dependent variables. Hence, the System GMM procedures were employed. Wage income did not seem to affect the enrollments in a PharmD program whereas it positively affected enrollments in a Ph.D. program. In contrast, it appears that the proprietor income and property income affected a PharmD program positively whereas they affected a Ph.D. program negatively. The aggregate effects seemed to be positive on both programs. Growth implications and predictions were included. In conclusion, PharmD enrollments in pharmacy may be significantly impacted by all the variables of per capita income except wage income, whereas, all impacted Ph.D. enrollments. Keywords: pharmacy education; income effects; wage income; property income; proprietor income (search for similar items in EconPapers) Downloads: (external link) Related works: Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:rss:jnljee:v3i5p1 Access Statistics for this article More articles in Journal of Empirical Economics from Research Academy of Social Sciences |
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