Multiple entrepreneurial ecosystems? Worker cooperative development in Toronto and Montréal

Jason Spicer and Michelle Zhong
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Jason Spicer: Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Canada
Michelle Zhong: Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Canada

Environment and Planning A, 2022, vol. 54, issue 4, 611-633

Abstract: The emergence in practice of worker cooperative ecosystems, which draws on the entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) concept, has been largely ignored in academic research. Contrasting worker cooperative development efforts in Toronto with Montréal, we affirm there are multiple and multiscalar EEs in each region, including both a dominant capitalist and a worker cooperative EE. Productive enterprises like worker cooperatives, operating with a different logic than investor-owned firms, not only construct their own EE, but the relational connectedness of the worker cooperative EE to other EEs also plays a role in outcomes. Worker cooperatives have been less successful in navigating these dynamics in Toronto than in Montréal. Future research might seek to more fully specify the relational and multiscalar configuration of regions’ multiple EEs.

Keywords: Worker cooperatives; entrepreneurial ecosystems; social economy; alternative enterprises; regional economic development (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:sae:envira:v:54:y:2022:i:4:p:611-633

DOI: 10.1177/0308518X211063216

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