Do Mountains Exist? Towards an Ontology of Landforms

Barry Smith and David M Mark
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Barry Smith: Department of Philosophy, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and Center for Cognitive Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA
David M Mark: Department of Geography, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and Center for Cognitive Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA

Environment and Planning B, 2003, vol. 30, issue 3, 411-427

Abstract: The authors begin the paper with the question ‘Do mountains exist?’ They show that providing an answer to this question is surprisingly difficult and that the answer that one gives depends on the context in which the question is posed. Mountains clearly exist as real correlates of everyday human thought and action, and they form the archetype for geographic objects. Yet individual mountains lack many of the properties that characterize bona fide objects, and ‘mountains’ as a category also lacks many of the properties that characterize natural kinds. In the context of scientific modeling of the environment, especially of such phenomena as surface hydrology and fluvial erosion and deposition, mountains are not picked out as constituents of reality in their own right at all; rather, they are just parts of the field of elevations whose gradients shape the direction of runoff and influence the intensity of erosion. Thus, although an object-based ontology of mountains and other landforms is required to do justice to our everyday conceptions of the environment and to support spatial reasoning and natural language processing, topographic databases designed to support environmental modeling can be field-based at geographic scales.

Date: 2003
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:sae:envirb:v:30:y:2003:i:3:p:411-427

DOI: 10.1068/b12821

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