 Risk as Determinant of Income and Cross-border Pricing of Multinational Enterprises*Stefan Lutz and Daniel Kleinfeldt Studies in Microeconomics, 2013, vol. 1, issue 2, 185-212 Abstract: International taxation rules for multi-national enterprises (MNEs) prescribe that international prices for goods and services of different subsidiaries—and therefore incomes of these subsidiaries—must be comparable to those set between independent international firms for the purpose of taxation. These rules also prescribe that risk should be accounted for in pricing and income. Since current practice of price comparisons does not yet fully allow accounting for risk, prices and in turn earnings and taxation may be distorted. We analyze a panel of about 160,000 European manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade firms for the years 1992 to 2007 in order to establish to what extent earnings do take risk into account. Risk measured by earnings volatility emerges as one major determinant of income. When earnings are set in relation to invested capital, risk emerges as the only stable determinant of income. Results indicate that both MNEs and independent firms regularly account for risk as a major determinant of income when pricing international goods and services. Keywords: MNE; transfer pricing; OECD guidelines; risk; income (search for similar items in EconPapers) Downloads: (external link) Related works: Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:sae:miceco:v:1:y:2013:i:2:p:185-212 Access Statistics for this article More articles in Studies in Microeconomics |
Is your work missing from RePEc? Here is how to contribute.
Questions or problems? Check the EconPapers FAQ or send mail to .
EconPapers is hosted by the
School of Business at Örebro University.