From the Price to the Crowding Effect

Bruno Frey

Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), 1997, vol. 133, issue II, 325-350

Abstract: Crowding-Theory introduces a new psychological effect into economics. Under identifiable conditions, a higher price or stricter regulation reduces the intrinsic motivation to perform a task. Crowding-Out is the only effect which systematically works in the opposite direction to the Relative Price Effect. Crowding-Out Theory is empirically applied to two issues in Switzerland: (1) The support for siting a nuclear waste repository strongly fell when the population was offered a compensation for hosting it. (2) The possibility of direct participation in politics via referenda tends to raise civic virtue, and (ceteris paribus) tax compliance (Crowding-In Effect).

Date: 1997
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