Digital assets: vulnerabilities and their classification

Anurag Soin (), Talis Putnins () and Mark Staples ()
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Anurag Soin: Digital Finance CRC
Talis Putnins: Digital Finance CRC
Mark Staples: Digital Finance CRC

Digital Finance, 2025, vol. 7, issue 3, No 3, 373-428

Abstract: Abstract The adoption of digital assets and distributed ledger technology in finance is rapidly increasing. This adoption introduces new types of risks, currently not adequately covered in conventional risk management frameworks. This paper identifies, reviews, and categorises these risks. It draws on a systematic review of literature and classifies the vulnerabilities by layer—network layer, consensus layer, protocol layer, and enablement layer.

Keywords: Digital assets; Distributed ledger technology (DLT); Blockchain; Smart contracts; Risk; Vulnerability; D81; D83; E42; G23; G32; O32 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s42521-025-00143-6

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