Safety of the Geneva Cocktail, a Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein Phenotyping Cocktail, in Healthy Volunteers from Three Different Geographic Origins

Victoria Rollason (), Médéric Mouterde (), Youssef Daali, Martina Čížková, Edita Priehodová, Iva Kulichová, Helena Posová, Jitka Petanová, Anwar Mulugeta, Eyasu Makonnen, Abir Al-Habsi, Robin Davidson, Khalid K. Al-Balushi, Khalid Al-Thihli, Marie Cerná, Said Al-Yahyaee, Viktor Černý, Getnet Yimer, Estella S. Poloni and Jules Desmeules
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Victoria Rollason: Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva
Médéric Mouterde: University of Geneva
Youssef Daali: Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva
Martina Čížková: Charles University
Edita Priehodová: Charles University
Iva Kulichová: Charles University
Helena Posová: Charles University
Jitka Petanová: Charles University
Anwar Mulugeta: Addis Ababa University
Eyasu Makonnen: Addis Ababa University
Abir Al-Habsi: Oman Specialty Board
Robin Davidson: Sultan Qaboos University Hospital
Khalid K. Al-Balushi: Sultan Qaboos University
Khalid Al-Thihli: Sultan Qaboos University Hospital
Marie Cerná: Charles University
Said Al-Yahyaee: College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Viktor Černý: Charles University
Getnet Yimer: The Ohio State University
Estella S. Poloni: University of Geneva
Jules Desmeules: Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva

Drug Safety, 2020, vol. 43, issue 11, No 10, 1189 pages

Abstract: Abstract Introduction and Objective Cytochrome P450 enzymes are the major drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans and the importance of drug transport proteins, in particular P-glycoprotein, in the variability of drug response has also been highlighted. Activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein can vary widely between individuals and genotyping and/or phenotyping can help assess their activity. Several phenotyping cocktails have been developed. The Geneva cocktail is composed of a specific probe for six different cytochrome P450 enzymes and one for P-glycoprotein and was used in the context of a research aiming at exploring genotypes and phenotypes in distinct human populations (NCT02789527). The aim of the present study is to solely report the safety results of the Geneva cocktail in the healthy volunteers of these populations. Materials and Methods The Geneva cocktail is composed of caffeine, bupropion, flurbiprofen, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, midazolam, and fexofenadine. The volunteers fasted and avoided drinking caffeine-containing beverages or food and grapefruit juice overnight before receiving the cocktail orally. They provided blood spots for the probes’ concentrations at 2, 3, and 6 h after ingestion and were asked about adverse events. Results A total of 265 healthy adult volunteers were included from Ethiopia, Oman, and the Czech Republic. The mean plasma concentrations at the 2-h sampling time of each probe drug in the total sample were: 1663 ng/mL for caffeine, 8 ng/mL for bupropion, 789 ng/mL for flurbiprofen, 6 ng/mL for dextromethorphan, 2 ng/mL for midazolam, 35 ng/mL for fexofenadine, and 103 ng/mL for omeprazole. Four adverse events were observed representing an occurrence of 1.5%. All these events were categorized as mild to moderate, non-serious, and resolved spontaneously. A causal link with the cocktail cannot be excluded because of the temporal relationship but is at most evaluated as possible according to the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre causal assessment system. Conclusions In this research, healthy volunteers from three different human populations were phenotyped with the Geneva cocktail. Four adverse events were observed, confirming the safety of this cocktail that is given at lower than clinically relevant doses and therefore results in concentrations lower than those reported to cause adverse events.

Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1007/s40264-020-00983-8

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