Insight into the mechanism of estrone biodegradation by Spirulina CPCC-695

Neha Sami (), Bushra Afzal (), Mohammed Rehmanji (), Haleema Naaz (), Durdana Yasin (), Pannaga Pavan Jutur () and Tasneem Fatma ()
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Neha Sami: Jamia Millia Islamia
Bushra Afzal: Jamia Millia Islamia
Mohammed Rehmanji: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Haleema Naaz: Jamia Millia Islamia
Durdana Yasin: Jamia Millia Islamia
Pannaga Pavan Jutur: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Tasneem Fatma: Jamia Millia Islamia

Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, 2025, vol. 27, issue 1, No 25, 739-764

Abstract: Abstract Estrone, excreted from humans and livestock (exogenous estrone), is an emerging pollutant that accumulates in the environment and becomes a potential risk to human and wildlife health. Exposure to exogenous estrone results in erroneous hormonal function causing reproductive disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Thus, it is necessary to remediate estrone persisting in the environment. Physical and chemical degradation methods produce toxic end-products thus limiting their efficacy. Biodegradation through cyanobacteria has increased our hopes of dealing with estrone. The present study is a preliminary step focussed on studying the mechanism involved in the degradation of estrone using GC–MS, FTIR, and SEM. Spirulina CPCC-695 culture medium, supplemented with 20 mg/L estrone was incubated for seven days under optimized conditions. Samples were collected on day-1 and day-6 and used for determining estrone. GC–MS results showed that 88% of estrone gets removed on day-1 which increased to 93.8% on day-6 of the study. The ratio of the extracellular and intracellular estrone ranged from 0.1 to 0.6. The estrone uptake (biosorption- the sum of adsorbed and absorbed) in cyanobacteria (adsorption/absorption) was less (0.17–3.7%) as compared to the transformation percentage (85.04–93.68%). GC–MS study revealed that adsorption, absorption, and biotransformation help in estrone degradation that followed first-order kinetics. Estrone gets degraded to intermediates such as estradiol, 3-phenyl-undecane, etc., that may get eventually converted into carbon dioxide and water. FTIR study showed that carbonate, carbonyl, carboxyl, methylene, phenolic, and phosphate groups were the main functional groups involved in the estrone biosorption and biodegradation process. The signature peak of estrone at 1712 cm−1 was absent in the test samples. SEM study also highlighted changes in the morphology of Spirulina CPCC-695, suggesting growth in the estrone presence. Graphical abstract

Keywords: Estrone; Spirulina CPCC-695; Degradation pathway; Mechanism; GC–MS; FTIR (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03873-y

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