Priority regions for eliminating open defecation in Africa: implications for antimicrobial resistance

Omololu Ebenezer Fagunwa (), Thobile Mthiyane, Ayokunle Fagunwa, Kassim Idowu Olayemi, Alaoma Alozie, Helen Onyeaka, Adenike Akinsemolu and Adegbola Ojo
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Omololu Ebenezer Fagunwa: Queens University Belfast
Thobile Mthiyane: United Nations Children’s Fund
Ayokunle Fagunwa: Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi
Alaoma Alozie: Oxford Business College
Helen Onyeaka: University of Birmingham
Adenike Akinsemolu: University of Birmingham
Adegbola Ojo: School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds

Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, 2025, vol. 27, issue 1, No 94, 2675-2699

Abstract: Abstract Sanitation, which offers safe and effective methods for waste disposal, is important for development. However, in Africa and other developing regions, the prevalent practice of open defecation (OD) impedes attaining the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research delves into the analysis of OD in Africa and proposes a three-tier priority system, comprising critical, high, and medium areas, through which developmental endeavours can be targeted. To achieve this, the study utilizes data from demographic and health surveys (DHS) and the World Bank. The rates of OD at country and sub-country/region levels were calculated to define the priority system, and regression analyses were used to determine predictors of OD practice. The findings are that Nigeria, Ethiopia, Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burkina Faso, and Chad have a high number of people struggling with open defecation. In addition, disparities in access to proper sanitation facilities were identified among impoverished individuals and those residing in rural areas. After adjusting for education and residence, the poorest are 43 times (95% confidence interval 42.443–45.290) more likely to practice open defecation in comparison with the wealthiest. Consequently, wealth index is a pivotal factor in eradicating open toileting. To address this pressing issue in Africa, it is imperative to prioritize evidence-based targeted interventions that concentrate on regions and communities urgently needing improved sanitation infrastructure and programmes. Special attention should be paid to West Africa since many of its communities are in the critical category. Poverty and inequality must be addressed and investments in sanitation infrastructure, behavioural change promotion, and support multistakeholder collaborations should be encouraged. To evaluate OD interventions and monitor health impact, variables such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be included in important health surveys (e.g. DHS). This study is the largest meta-data analyses of OD in Africa detailing drivers and communities that should be prioritised on sanitation interventions.

Keywords: Open defecation; Sustainability; Toilet; Health; Health survey; Africa development; Antimicrobial resistance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03992-6

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