The economics of cyber risk: a survey of the literature

Laura Abrardi (), Stefano Comino () and Sasha Grassini ()
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Laura Abrardi: Politecnico di Torino, Department of Management
Stefano Comino: Università degli Studi di Udine, Department of Economics and Statistics
Sasha Grassini: Politecnico di Torino, Department of Management

Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 2026, vol. 53, issue 2, No 11, 573-607

Abstract: Abstract Cyber risk has emerged as a critical challenge for businesses, governments, and individuals. The greater availability of data, the increasing dependence on digital infrastructures, and the ever-advancing level of sophistication of cybercriminals have intensified both the occurrence and impact of security breaches. Literature on the economic aspects of cybersecurity originates from several distinct research areas and employs various approaches, emphasising the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon. This survey presents an overview of the economic dimension of cybersecurity, summarising the main findings of this rich and interdisciplinary literature. Our survey focuses on the four key actors involved in cybersecurity: hackers, companies, consumers/users and regulators. We provide an overview of the motivations and strategies employed by hackers, examine how companies and users protect themselves against cyber risks and respond to breaches, and analyse the economic and financial consequences. We also discuss the policy instruments available to regulators to mitigate both the likelihood and the impact of cyberattacks. In the final section, we suggest some potential directions for future research. (JEL D8, L86, L20)

Keywords: Cyber risk; Online safety; Hackers; Data; Regulation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1007/s40812-025-00370-3

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