Routine measurement in low back pain; towards a pragmatic patient-reported productivity cost outcome measurement using the institute for medical technology assessment productivity cost questionnaire

Adekunle Z. Ademiluyi (), Antoinette D. I. Asselt () and Michiel F. Reneman ()
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Adekunle Z. Ademiluyi: University of Groningen
Antoinette D. I. Asselt: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
Michiel F. Reneman: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen

The European Journal of Health Economics, 2025, vol. 26, issue 7, No 1, 1127-1136

Abstract: Abstract Purpose The iMTA productivity cost questionnaire (iPCQ) has been recommended as a measurement tool for productivity cost, however, its use in routine care is hindered by the length of this questionnaire (18 questions). This study developed and tested a short-form (SF-) iPCQ. Method A secondary analysis of the Groningen Spine Cohort’s baseline data from patients with low back pain referred for tertiary care was performed. Six SFs were evaluated against the comprehensive iPCQ. Spearman correlation (r), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, agreement), standard error of measurement (SEM), and Bland-Altman’s plot tested the congruence of the SFs with the comprehensive iPCQ. Results The sample consisted of 1220 patients with low back pain. The SF version with the highest correlation (SF-3; 7 items) with the comprehensive iPCQ had r = 0.99, ICC = 0.99, SEM = 295, while the SF with the least number of items (SF-6; 5 items) had r = 0.84, ICC = 0.91, SEM = 2063. The mean productivity cost estimates of SF-3 and SF-6 were €3414 (95% CI: 3036–3791) and €3333 (95% CI: 2970–3696) respectively while that for the comprehensive iPCQ amounted to €3456 (95% CI: 3189–3720). Conclusion A SF with seven questions was developed with a high agreement with the comprehensive iPCQ. Initial clinimetric testing was satisfactory. Further assessment is recommended.

Keywords: Groningen spine cohort, Short-form, Productivity cost questionnaire, SEM; Standard error of measurement, R; correlation co-efficient, ICC; intra-class correlation co-efficient; JEL-I19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s10198-025-01756-9

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