The bill of aging: fiscal projections of demographic changes on South Korea’s national health insurance, 2023–2042

Younhee Kim () and Kyung-sook Woo
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Younhee Kim: Inha University
Kyung-sook Woo: Hanyang University

Health Economics Review, 2025, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Background Demographic shifts driven by declining birth rates and rising life expectancies pose significant challenges to healthcare systems globally, particularly in terms of financial sustainability. We projected fiscal trajectories for Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) by jointly forecasting revenues and expenditures for 2023–2042 and by quantifying the incremental fiscal effects of demographic change. Methods The study employed a hybrid forecasting framework combining component-based projections with time-series econometric models. NHI revenues were projected by categorizing them into contributions, government subsidies, and other revenue. Expenditures were projected into medical benefits, non-medical benefits, and administrative costs. The impact of demographic changes was assessed by comparing the baseline scenario with a hypothetical scenario where the population structure remained constant at 2023 levels. Results Projections indicate that NHI expenditures will surpass revenues starting in 2025, with revenues reaching 314.2 trillion KRW and expenditures 437.5 trillion KRW by 2042. Accumulated reserves are expected to be depleted by 2030, with annual deficits growing from 21.8 trillion KRW in 2032 to 123.3 trillion KRW in 2042. Compared to a scenario where population structure remains at 2023 levels, demographic shifts are projected to decrease revenues by 8.5 trillion KRW (4.5%) and increase expenditures by 30.8 trillion KRW (17.8%) in 2032, and by 42.7 trillion KRW (12.0%) and 109.7 trillion KRW (33.5%) respectively by 2042. Consequently, the annual fiscal burden attributable to demographic changes is estimated at 39.4 trillion KRW in 2032 (19.3% of total expenditures) and 152.5 trillion KRW in 2042 (34.8% of total expenditures). Conclusion This study highlights the urgent need for policy reforms to address the “bill of aging” and ensure the long-term sustainability of South Korea’s NHI system. Policy responses must address this imbalance through integrated health expenditures monitoring, system efficiency improvements, sustainable financing including contribution rate reform and revenue diversification, community-based care infrastructure for aging populations, and maintained health equity. These findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers worldwide confronting the financial challenges of aging populations, emphasizing the need for comprehensive policy interventions to maintain financially sustainable healthcare systems for future generations.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1186/s13561-025-00690-z

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