Exploring entrepreneurial intentions of indians: integrating descriptive and injunctive norms within the theory of planned behaviour using GEM data

Midhunlal Mullakkal () and Paul Jose Palathingal ()
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Midhunlal Mullakkal: St. Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Affiliated to University of Calicut
Paul Jose Palathingal: St. Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Affiliated to University of Calicut

Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 2025, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract This paper, grounded in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), aims to predict the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of individuals in India. Studies relying on secondary datasets to predict EI are rare; therefore, we use the globally recognised Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset. The results of logistic regression analysis show that the antecedents of the TPB can significantly predict EI. Among the TPB constructs, perceived behavioural control (PBC) has the highest predictive capacity compared to the other two constructs, such as subjective norms (SN) and attitude towards entrepreneurship (ATE). Additionally, by emphasizing the concept of necessity, individuals from economically deprived backgrounds are more likely to pursue entrepreneurship compared to those from higher-income categories. This study significantly contributes to the field of entrepreneurship by enriching the understanding of the linkages between ATE, SN, PBC, and EI. Also, by redefining the SN, it helps to bridge the gap in the uncertain relationship between SN and EI. Moreover, it provides valuable insights to the government and policymakers for creating policies and frameworks that foster EI among individuals, thereby promoting a supportive environment for entrepreneurship development.

Keywords: Theory of planned behaviour; Entrepreneurial intention; GEM; Descriptive norms; India (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C13 J24 L26 M13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s40497-025-00463-2

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