When the Burden Lifts: The Effect of School and Day Care Reopenings on Parents’ Life Satisfaction

Lina Tobler (), Bernhard Christoph (), Lukas Fervers () and Marita Jacob ()
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Lina Tobler: University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz
Bernhard Christoph: Institute for Employment Research (IAB)
Lukas Fervers: University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz
Marita Jacob: University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz

Journal of Happiness Studies, 2025, vol. 26, issue 1, No 4, 34 pages

Abstract: Abstract The availability of childcare services eases parents’ daily lives and research has shown that it positively affects well-being, especially for mothers. However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted established childcare arrangements, with school and day care closures adding to parental burdens. Despite extensive discourse on the influence of these closures on parental well-being, few studies have empirically analysed the effects of the increase in childcare responsibilities associated with the closures on the well-being of parents. We seek to address this gap by examining the impact of school and day care reopenings on parental well-being. We expect that parents’ life satisfaction will increase when schools and day care facilities are reopened—and that this effect is particularly strong for mothers. Leveraging the variation in the time of reopenings across Germany’s federal states, we employ a difference-in-differences and a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach to assess changes in well-being. The research design accounts for state-level differences and potential confounding factors related to the pandemic. By using data from the German IAB-HOPP study, which offers timely measures of life satisfaction, we aim to quantify the effects of reopenings on parental well-being. Results show only a small and marginally positive effect of reopenings on average life satisfaction among parents. However, this is due to a strong and significant effect of reopenings on mothers’ life satisfaction and no significant effect for fathers. Our findings contribute to research on the division of unpaid labour and childcare and support the notion that public childcare provision is crucial, particularly for mothers’ life satisfaction.

Keywords: Life satisfaction; Well-being; Parents; COVID-19; School and day care closures; Difference-in-differences (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00819-7

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