Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship

Firuz Kamalov (), David Santandreu Calonge (), Patrik T. Hultberg (), Linda Smail () and Dima Jamali ()
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Firuz Kamalov: Canadian University Dubai
David Santandreu Calonge: Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence
Patrik T. Hultberg: Kalamazoo College
Linda Smail: Zayed University
Dima Jamali: Canadian University Dubai

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2025, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-27

Abstract: Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots show remarkable abilities across applications. Despite a growing literature, their capability in the field of entrepreneurship is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to empirically evaluate and compare capabilities of five major AI chatbots—GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Gemini 1.0, Llama 2, and Claude—in the context of entrepreneurship theory, using a benchmark entrepreneurship test. In particular, the performance of the chatbots on a set of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, and essay questions related to entrepreneurship is assessed. The results indicate that GPT-4 delivers the strongest overall performance. Meanwhile, Llama 2 offers precise responses with a significantly lower word count compared to the GPT models. Although chatbots do not always provide correct or precise answers to questions or complex prompts, they still prove to be valuable analytical tools for entrepreneurs. While the study offers compelling insights into chatbots’ grasp of entrepreneurship concepts, the findings are somewhat limited by the scarce availability of data.

Keywords: Large language models; Entrepreneurship; Business; Chatbots; AI; Machine learning; Generative AI; Comparative analysis; GPT; Claude; Llama; Gemini; Zero-shot prompting (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1186/s13731-025-00527-3

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